An astronomical observatory in the Javadi Hills at Kavalur, Tamil Nadu, India, operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Observations began in 1968 and the site was renamed in 1986 for astronomer Vainu Bappu; its centerpiece, the 2.3-meter Vainu Bappu Telescope, was designed and built within India and was the largest telescope in Asia until Devasthal's 3.6-meter telescope was completed. Astronomers there detected an atmosphere around Jupiter's moon Ganymede in 1972 and helped confirm the rings of Uranus in 1977.
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